The    non-disclosed Thermal   vision devices part are usedcontains     detailed for observation of theinformation         regarding territory/landscape  on the the modus      operandi Host Member      State inof   law order      enforcement to prevent unauthorized officials     performing border crossings    and withborder control.     Disclosing       such      information      would        expose aim to detect illegal crossings of the EU external borders and other criminal    the   working methods applied in ongoing and future operations, thus obstructing activities that might be expected in the operational area base on risk their effectiveness in prevention of cross-border crime and assessment and previous operational findings (THB). When the irregular unauthorized border crossings. In consequence, it would undermine migrants   and  facilitators are  spotted  with use of the   thermal the protection of the public interest as regards public security and    vision cameras the thus,    cannot information  on thebe   disclosed movement           pursuant to is communicated   tojoint Article teams 4(1)(a) who are first    indent of patrolling Regulation the operational(EC) Noarea 1049/2001. in readiness to immediately react on detection/location of any kind of suspected illegal activities by the observation teams. The irregular migrants are apprehended accordingly. Night vision goggles and binoculars are used with the main aim to provide additional technical support to border guards while performing border surveillance duties at EU external land borders – to observe the operational area with the use of technical means. Helicopters or fix wing aircrafts carrying out surveillance are used as additional support to local authorities performing border surveillance duties on the ground.       12 Helicopters or fix wing aircrafts and are used according the threat and risk assessment for the particular border area and real operational needs (as for example for search and rescue missions). In additional to above presented border surveillance of land borders might be supported also with fixed cameras and sensor alarm systems, portable infrared 13 alarm/camera and other sensor systems. Such systems are managed and used by Home Members States authorities. Security and safety aspects of border surveillance Security and safety aspects of the border surveillance as such shall be also taken into account, due the fact that the irregular migrants are often put into dangerous situations while trying to cross the EU external land borders since the terrain (landscape as such, woods, areas without inhabitants) and other circumstances (severe weather conditions, flooding, etc.) at the border areas are quite often putting them in situations requiring search and rescue measures to be taken from local authorities. Measures taken for purpose of the border surveillance shall be conducted in the way that does not put at risk of safety of the persons apprehended or rescued. Joint Teams Joint Teams (comprising officers from the border guard services of the host MSs and Team Members (EBCGTs) - are obliged to maintain the highest standards of integrity, ethical conduct, professionalism and respect for and promotion of __________________________________________________________________________________ 41

fundamental rights. While patrolling at the EU External land borders they are obliged to comply with the European, international law, fundamental rights and national law of the Member State. While performing their duties at EU external land borders (observation, patrolling) they shall not discriminate persons on grounds of sex, race or ethnic origin, religion, belief, age or sexual orientation and they are expected to treat every person with courtesy, respect and due consideration for the nature of any legitimate activity in which they are engaged. __________________________________________________________________________________ 42

Chapter 2 – Communication/Reporting The strongest weapon for law enforcements is communication! In this chapter we will focus on communication and reporting as one of the most important tasks of law enforcement. We will generally distinguish between internal and external communication. As “internal communication” we regard the communication between Border Guards and within the respective Border Guard authority, which could be used, but not limited to: • inform colleagues about an incident or emergency case; • gain intelligence; • share intelligence with colleagues in order to initiate actions in border control; • request support; • fulfil obligation to report (Serious Incident Report), so that senior management can react accordingly; • prepare criminal investigations; etc. 14 The main language in any Frontex activity is English , therefore it is necessary for the staff deployed to be familiar with common standards in reporting and communication. As “external communication” we regard the communication between the law enforcement authority (in this case you as Border Guard) and any other member of the public who could be a traveler, perpetrator, victim of trafficking, witness, irregular migrant or anybody else approaching you in respective situations. Always adjust your behavior and communication to the situation and the person in front of you. __________________________________________________________________________________ 43

Examples: • communication with children differs from communication with adults; • communication with victims differs from communication with perpetrators. Internal communication in practice Radio communication skills The    non-disclosed In practice              part Members the deployed Team    contains aredetailed     information always accompanied  by hostregarding Member Statethe modus      operandi officers who            of radio will manage   law communication enforcementwith    officials  performing local authorities. However,border in control. emergencyDisclosing cases, a Guestsuch Officerinformation should be able towould    expose communicate  and tothe reportworking in an methods       applied   in  ongoing     and   future    operations,    thus appropriate way. Please, find below some useful information about radio       obstructing their effectiveness in prevention of cross-border crime and communication reflecting international standards. unauthorized border crossings. In consequence, it would undermine the protection of the public interest as regards public security and thus, cannot be disclosed pursuant to Article 4(1)(a) first indent of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. __________________________________________________________________________________ 44

International phonetic alphabet (NATO/ ICAO): A     Alpha B     Bravo C     Charlie D     Delta E     Echo F     Foxtrott G     Golf H     Hotel I     India J     Juliette K     Kilo L     Lima M      Mike N     November O     Oscar P     Papa Q      Quebec R     Romeo S     Sierra T     Tango U     Uniform V     Victor W      Whisky X     X-Ray Y     Yankee Z     Zulu 15 General instruction for transmitting messages : •   Decide in advance what you are going to say, ensuring it will be clear and brief. •   Make sure no one else is speaking on the net when you start. •   Remember to divide your message into sensible phrases, make pauses and maintain a natural rhythm to your speech. •   Avoid excessive calling and unofficial transmissions. •   Use standard pronunciation. Emphasize vowels sufficiently. •   Avoid extreme pitch, speak in a moderately strong voice, do not shout. •   Keep a distance of about 5 cm between the microphone and your lips. __________________________________________________________________________________ 45

•   Shield your microphone from background noises and wind Radio procedure words         16 PROWORD                                          MEANING ACKNOWLEDGE!                  Confirm that you have received my message and will comply. AFFIRMATIVE                   Yes/Correct NEGATIVE                      No/Incorrect ALL AFTER …                   Everything that you (I) transmitted after … (Keyword) ALL BEFORE …                  Everything that you (I) transmitted before … (Keyword) CORRECT (THAT IS              What you have transmitted is correct. CORRECT) CORRECTION                    An error has been made in this transmission. It will continue with the last word (group) correctly transmitted. An error has been made in this transmission. The correct version is … That which follows is a correct version in answer to your request for verification. WRONG                         Your last transmission was incorrect. The correct version is … DISREGARD THIS                This transmission is an error. Disregard it. TRANSMISSION –OUT SILENCE – SILENCE – SILENCE Cease all transmissions on this net immediately. Will be maintained until lifted. SILENCE LIFTED                Silence is lifted. The net is free for traffic. END OF MESSAGE – OVER This concludes the message just transmitted (and the (OUT)                         message instructions pertaining to a formal message). END OF TEXT                   The textual part of a formal message ends. Stand by for the message instructions immediately following. FETCH the shift-leader!       I wish to speak on the radio to that person (in this case the shift-leader) …SPEAKING                     Requested person is now using the radio by him or herself. FIGURES                       Numerals or numbers will follow. MESSAGE                       I have a message for you. OVER                          This is the end of my turn of transmitting. A response is expected. OUT                           This is the end of my transmission to you. No answer or acknowledgment is expected. SAY AGAIN!                    Repeat all of your last transmission. __________________________________________________________________________________ 46

SEND YOUR MESSAGE!                 Go ahead with your transmission. SPEAK SLOWER!                      Reduce the speed of your transmission. SPELL                              I shall spell the next word, group or equivalent phonetically. (Normally used in connection with request for repetition) RELAY TO …                         Transmit the following message to all addressees or to the address designation immediately following. MESSAGE PASSED TO …                Your message has been passed to … ROGER                              I have received your message, understand it and will comply. ROGER SO FAR?                      Have you received this part of my message satisfactorily? WILCO                              I have received your last transmission satisfactorily. UNKNOWN STATION                    The identity of the station calling or with whom I am attempting to establish communication is unknown. VERIFY                             Verify entire message (or part indicated) with the originator and send correct version. To be used only at discretion of or by the addressee to which the questioned message was directed. I VERIFY                           That which follows has been verified at your request and is repeated. WAIT – OUT                         I must pause for a few seconds Example of radio        conversation : 17 The proword THIS IS or FROM is used to indicate the calling station. •   ALFA – THIS – IS – CHARLIE – MESSAGE – OVER •   FROM – ALFA – SEND – OVER •   THIS–IS-CHARLIE–WATCH–FOR–FALLEN–ROCKS–ON–ROAD–BIRKET–I – SPELL - BRAVO – INDIA – ROMEO – KILO – ECHO – TANGO – BIRKET – OVER •   FROM – ALFA – WILCO – OUT Report writing A report is a key element in the Border Guard work. It is a documentation of your performance and could be the basis for follow-up decisions like criminal investigations, preventative measures, risk assessment, etc. A report also ensures gathering of intelligence for your authority. In general, a report should provide answers to following questions: •   Who? •   What? •   When? __________________________________________________________________________________ 47

•   Where? •   How? •   Why? In the Annexes of this handbook you can find examples of a case and shift reports. Serious Incident Report (SIR)                 18: The   non-disclosed A Serious               part contains Incident Report    is an alert detailed   information message that               relatedimmediately shall be reported    to reporting tools (withinand   methods 2 hours          used by law after recognition)      enforcement to FSC              officials and the host           to conduct MS’ authorities,      border in case a control     tasks occurs relevant incident   and counter that needs criminal     activities. urgent attention,       Itsincident as the     disclosure   would may affect jeopardize      the  implementation          of  ongoing   and    future    operations, or be relevant to the Frontex mission, its obligation, image, the safety and security    and thus facilitate irregular migration and trafficking in human beings as the of participants in activities coordinated or led by Frontex, or any combination effectiveness of law enforcement measures would be significantly thereof, having   special  regard  to any   violation of Fundamental reduced. As disclosing this information would undermine the protection     Rights. of the public interest as regards public security, this part is not disclosed pursuant to Article 4(1)(a) first indent of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. Template with requested content if available: Serious Incident Report Subject The non-disclosed part contains detailed information related to reporting tools and methods used by law enforcement officials to conduct border control tasks and counter     criminal activities. Its disclosure would jeopardize the implementation of Joint Operation ongoing and future operations, and thus facilitate irregular migration and trafficking    in Incident date/timehuman      beings    as   the  effectiveness     of   law  enforcement   measures would be significantly reduced. As disclosing this information would undermine the protection of the public interest as regards public security, this part is not Finding     date/time disclosed pursuant to Article 4(1)(a) first indent of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. Location of the incident Reference to operational                       Inside area Outside Involved Frontex ressources; HR / TE __________________________________________________________________________________ 48

Source of information Reporting unit/person 1. Fact of the case What happened; when and where did it happen; who was involved/affected; why did it happen; how did it happen; with what did it happen (which means were used); Source of information 2. Measures Actions taken: Frontex actors and actions from Host/Home MS or others (intended, initiated, completed) 3. Assessment Brief description of possible consequences, effects, reactions, further comments Example: Serious Incident Report The  non-disclosed part contains Subject                            detailed Dead    migrantinformation found        related to reporting tools and methods used by law enforcement officials to conduct border control tasks and     counter Joint Operation   criminal  activities.    Its   disclosure JO Poseidon Land 2012          would    jeopardize   the implementation of ongoing and future operations, and thus facilitate irregular migration and trafficking in human beings as the effectiveness of law Incident date/time                 . .        / 00:10 a.m. – 10:45 a.m. enforcement measures would be significantly reduced. As disclosing this information would undermine the protection of the public interest as regards public security, this part is not disclosed pursuant to Article 4(1)(a) first indent Finding   date/time                .   .      / 10:30 a.m. of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. Location of the incident        Kraynovo village, Bulgaria Reference to operational             Inside area Outside __________________________________________________________________________________ 49

Involved Frontex                 2 NLD GO ressources; HR / TE 1 AUT TVV Source of information            BGR RCC Coordinator Reporting unit/person            FOC 1. Fact of the case . . 00.10   a.m. - An emergency call from people in distress in the area of Kraynovo was received on the emergency number 112. - Immediately after receiving the call, 4 border police patrols (1 TVV) were dispatched in the area of BPU Bolyarovo. 09.15 a.m. - An emergency helicopter was launched. 10.10   a.m. - A group of 5 persons (irregular migrants) was detected north of BM219 in the area of Kraynovo village by the helicopter. 10.45: - A patrol from BPU Bolyarovo arrived at the spot and found a group consisting of 3 children and 2 women. - One of the women was found lifeless. 11:15: - After an initial medical examination, the death of the person was confirmed by the alerted doctor. - The body of the woman was transported for an autopsy to Yambol hospital. - The reason for the death is under examination. - The migrants claimed to be from Syria. 2. Measures The non-disclosed part contains    detailedfrom - Patrols    information   regarding BPU Bolyarovo    and the  modus a HELI  wereoperandi dispatchedof in lawtheenforcement area.      officials performing border control. Disclosing - Dead such bodyinformation    would was transported   to expose Yambolthe   working hospital      methods applied in ongoing and for autopsy. future operations, thus obstructing     their effectiveness - The migrants    were broughtintoprevention   of cross-border the police station             crime and unauthorized in Bolyarovo. border crossings. In consequence, it would undermine the protection of the public interest as regards public 3. Assessment security and thus, cannot be disclosed pursuant to Article 4(1)(a) first indent of Regulation (EC) No 1049/2001. -   The case is under investigation. __________________________________________________________________________________ 50