Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode                        – 11 –                               Drucksache 18/12772 Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Zeitschriftenaufsatz                                                                                                      Anlage 2 Amtmann 2003 – Strength and conditioning for reality Amtmann, John (2003): Strength and conditioning for reality fighting. In: Strength and conditioning journal 25 (2), S. 67-72. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: Reality fighting, or mixed martial arts (MMA), is a sport that brings together numerous talented combat athletes from a variety of backgrounds. Strength and conditioning professionals should be aware of this newly evolved sport and should closely analyze the sport before developing a strength and conditioning strategy for athletes with inquiries an effective programs. One well- known authority has recommended that all fighters seek out qualified individuals to consult with regarding strength training for this sport. Here, some basic background information is provided, some common injuries and strength and conditioning prescription principles are listed, and some strength and conditioning recommendations for coaches and athletes are provided. Textauszug Schlagwörter: Kampfsport; Konditionstraining; Krafttraining; Sportmedizin; Trainingswissenschaft; Verletzungsprophylaxe Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Amtmann, John; Berry, Steve Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Amtmann 2004 – Self-reported training methods of mixed Amtmann, John A. (2004): Self-reported training methods of mixed martial artists at a regional reality fighting event. In: Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA 18 (1), S. 194-196. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: This study surveyed 28 athletes competing at a regional mixed martial arts (MMA) event. The survey attempted to gather information regarding overall training volume, supplement use, and specific exercises used. The survey return rate was 100% (28/28). Twenty-five out of the 28 athletes supplemented their training with strength training. Overall frequency of strength training sessions/week ranged from 1-7, and overall frequency of fighting specific training sessions/week ranged from 3-12. Five out of the 28 athletes used/had used anabolic-androgenic steroids. Twelve of the MMA athletes did not perform exercises specifically for the neck musculature, and only 8 used the power clean and/or power snatch within their strength-training program. The results suggest that strength and conditioning specialists should educate MMA athletes regarding the importance of balanced training, effective exercises, and the side effects of anabolic androgenic steroid use. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Kampfsport; Selbstbeobachtung; Trainingsmethode; Trainingswissenschaft

Drucksache 18/12772                                          – 12 –                 Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Amtmann, John A Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Amtmann 2008 – Lactate and rate of perceived Amtmann, John A. (2008): Lactate and rate of perceived exertion responses of athletes training for and competing in a mixed martial arts event. In: Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA 22 (2), S. 645-647. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: Lactate and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was monitored in 6 male subjects training for and competing in a mixed martial arts event held in Butte, Montana, to determine 1) the metabolic demands of the sport and 2) the effectiveness of the prebout interval training programs chosen to help prepare the competitors for this event. The training lactate measurements ranged from 8.1 to 19.7 mmol/L, and the training RPE levels ranged from 15 to 19 on Borg's Category Scale of perceived exertion, the scores of which ranged from 6 to 20. The postbout lactate measurements ranged from 10.2 to 20.7 mmol/L, and the post-bout RPE measurements ranged from 13 to 19. Of the 4 subjects that had both training and postbout lactate measurements, 3 had obtained lactate levels during training that exceeded lactate levels immediately after the bout. This indicated that, when using lactate measurements as a benchmark, the conditioning training was effective for these 3 athletes. When we used RPE scores as a benchmark, the conditioning was effective for all 4 subjects because all subjects reached 18-19 during their training, which was at least as high as their reported post-bout RPE levels. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Belastungswahrnehmung; Blutlaktat; Kampfsport; Trainingswirkung; Trainingswissenschaft Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Amtmann, John A; Amtmann, Kelly A; Spath, William K Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU

Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode                           – 13 –                            Drucksache 18/12772 Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Zeitschriftenaufsatz Andrew 2009 – The relationship between spectator motivations Andrew, Damon P. S. (2009): The relationship between spectator motivations and media and merchandise consumption at a professional mixed martial arts event. In: Sport marketing quarterly 18 (4), S. 199-209. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to explore how nine motives impact media and merchandise consumption among consumers of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA). The present study extends previous research by examining the relationship between motivations and merchandise and media consumption among consumers at a large, professional MMA event. A one-way MANOVA was computed to test for gender differences in relation to attendance motivations in the present sample. After significant differences among spectator motives were identified, two separate backward deletion linear regression analyses revealed significant relationships between spectator motivations and media and merchandise consumption for males and females. The findings suggest the implementation of varying marketing strategies for males and females in order to impact media and merchandise consumption of MMA spectators. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Geschlechtsunterschied; Kampfsport; Konsum; Marketing; Motiv; Motivation; Profisport; Sportökonomie; Sportveranstaltung; Zuschauer Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Andrew, Damon P.S; Kim, Seungmo; O'Neal, Nick; Greenwell, T. Christopher; James, Jeffrey D Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Aškinazi 2014 – С                      а                    а Aškinazi, S. M. (2014): Ȇ (                    )                   . In: Teorija i praktika fiziceskoj kul'tury (6), S. 94-98. Abstract: In the last 25-30 years martials arts have become very popular among young people of our country and in the world in general and involved in its techniques hand, feet striking techniques and wrestling techniques: hand to hand combat, military melee, universal fight, Wushu Sanda, sport and combat sambo, pankration, applied sports karate, jiu-jitsu, MMA (mixed fight), kudo, etc. They can be combined into a group of so-called complex, or mixed, martial arts. Most of the above sports have their sports federations accredited in Rossport, and are included in a single national sports classification. Regional, national and international tournaments, up to championships and world championships are held in these sports among both senior and junior athletes. The ever-growing competition in complex (mixed) martial arts proves that new methods and techniques for sports training should be developed, which could meet the requirements to the limit, made by the specificity of this sport. The purpose of the study was to determine the structure and level of special physical fitness of athletes involved in complex (mixed) martial arts. The main physical qualities in complex (mixed) martial arts were proved to be strength endurance of shoulder muscles, speed-

Drucksache 18/12772                                            – 14 –                 Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. strength qualities of back and leg muscles, as well as special endurance. Athletes with different fitness levels are distinguished by the level of development of special endurance and, what is most important, the rate of recovery after exercise. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Fitnesstraining; Jiu-Jitsu; Kampfsport; Konditionierung; Leistungsfähigkeit; Methodik; motorischer; Pankration; Ringen; Sambo; spezielle; spezielles; sportartspezifische; Test; Training; Trainingslehre; Trainingsmethode; Trainingsprogramm; Trainingswissenschaft; Übung Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: rus Freitext 4: Aškinazi, S.M; Bavykin, E.A Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Baker 2013 – The southpaw advantage Baker, Joseph (2013): The southpaw advantage? Lateral preference in Mixed Martial Arts. In: PLoS one / Public Library of Science 8 (11), [3 S.]; e79793. Online verfügbar unter http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0079793. Abstract: Performers with a left-orientation have a greater likelihood of obtaining elite levels of performance in many interactive sports. This study examined whether combat stance orientation was related to skill and success in Mixed Martial Arts fighters. Data were extracted for 1468 mixed martial artists from a reliable and valid online data source. Measures included fighting stance, win percentage and an ordinal measure of skill based on number of fights. The overall analysis revealed that the fraction of fighters using a southpaw stance was greater than the fraction of left-handers in the general population, but the relationship between stance and hand-preference is not well-understood. Furthermore, t-tests found no statistically significant relationship between laterality and winning percentage, although there was a significant difference between stances for number of fights. Southpaw fighters had a greater number of fights than those using an orthodox stance. These results contribute to an expanding database on the influence of laterality on sport performance and a relatively limited database on variables associated with success in mixed martial arts. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: analytische; Angriffstaktik; Ausleger; Bewegungslehre; empirische; Erfolg; Handlungsanalyse; Kampfsport; sportliche; Statistik; Taktik; Untersuchung; vergleichende Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Baker, Joseph; Schorer, Jörg Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU

Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode                           – 15 –                           Drucksache 18/12772 Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Zeitschriftenaufsatz Bartsch 2012 – Impact fingerprints and preliminary implications Bartsch, Adam (2012): Impact "fingerprints" and preliminary implications for an "intelligent mouthguard" head impact dosimeter. In: Sports engineering 15 (2), S. 93-109. Online verfügbar unter http://link.springer.com/journal/12283. Abstract: An in vivo head impact dosimeter, termed the ‘intelligent mouthguard’, is under development at the Cleveland Clinic. The intelligent mouthguard facilitates correlation of acute and accumulative impact dosage with injury risk. As part of intelligent mouthguard dosimetry development for boxing and mixed martial arts participants, head and neck impact dosage was quantified in the laboratory for seven (7) punch types. Impact dosage data for punches were collected, which generated unique ‘fingerprints’ for use with the intelligent mouthguard computational algorithm. Additional calculations were made on parameters based on each punch ‘fingerprint’ and injury risk. Each of the punches had a unique ‘fingerprint’. The hook imparted the most severe impact dosage, with the cross and oblique hook inducing the next most severe impact dosages, respectively. The impact dosage ‘fingerprints’ determined here will be used to identify punch types during intelligent mouthguard human trials in 2012. Intelligent mouthguard dosimetry will be available soon for other contact sports (American Football, Ice Hockey, Lacrosse) to monitor head–neck impact dosage for correlation to acute or accumulative injury risk. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Experiment; Kampfsport; Kopf; Kopfschutz; Kopfstoß; Kopfverletzung; Messtechnik; Messverfahren; Mundschutz; Prävention; Schädelverletzung; Schutzausrüstung; Sportgeräteforschung; Sporttechnologie; Verletzungsgefahr; Verletzungsprophylaxe Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Bartsch, Adam; Benzel, Edward; Miele, Vincent; Morr, Douglas; Prakash, Vikas Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Berg 2013 – Regulating the emerging Berg, Brennan K. (2013): Regulating the emerging. A policy discourse analysis of mixed martial arts legislation. In: International journal of sport policy and politics 5 (1), S. 21-38. Online verfügbar unter http://www.informaworld.com/openurl?genre=journal&issn=1940-6940. Abstract: Policy discourse analysis has emerged as a tool for gaining a systematic understanding of the policy process and enhancing consequent outcomes, including for sport policies. In a federal system of government, there are a multitude of settings within a country to examine the formulation of public policy. As a result, there are opportunities for government bodies to adapt policies created by other government bodies in the same country. Narrative and interpretive methods for policy analysis are used to illustrate the policy process that regulated mixed martial arts in the United States. By analysing three policy contexts, it is demonstrated how the policy discourse evolved over time with the interaction of institutions, legitimations, stakeholders and the sociopolitical climate. By examining the lobbying efforts of the dominant organization seeking to govern the sport, the Ultimate Fighting Championship, it is shown how a sport organization can proactively work with governments rather than resist government involvement in its business. Verf.-Referat

Drucksache 18/12772                                          – 16 –                 Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Schlagwörter: Analyse; Gesetzgebung; Gewalt; Kampfsport; Profisport; Regelung; Regierung; Sportorganisation; Sportpolitik; Sportrecht; Sportverband; Staat; USA Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Berg, Brennan K; Chalip, Laurence Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Bledsoe 2006 – Incidence of injury in professional Bledsoe, Gregory H. (2006): Incidence of injury in professional mixed martial arts competitions. In: Journal of sports science and medicine 5 (CSSI), S. 136-142. Online verfügbar unter http://www.jssm.org/combat/1/18/v5combat-18text.php. Abstract: Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) competitions were introduced in the United States with the first Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) in 1993. In 2001, Nevada and New Jersey sanctioned MMA events after requiring a series of rule changes. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of injury in professional MMA fighters. Data from all professional MMA events that took place between September 2001 and December 2004 in the state of Nevada were obtained from the Nevada Athletic Commission. Medical and outcome data from events were analyzed based on a pair-matched case-control design. Both conditional and unconditional logistic regression models were used to assess risk factors for injury. A total of 171 MMA matches involving 220 different fighters occurred during the study period. There were a total of 96 injuries to 78 fighters. Of the 171 matches fought, 69 (40.3%) ended with at least one injured fighter. The overall injury rate was 28.6 injuries per 100 fight participations or 12.5 injuries per 100 competitor rounds. Facial laceration was the most common injury accounting for 47.9% of all injuries, followed by hand injury (13.5%), nose injury (10.4%), and eye injury (8.3%). With adjustment for weight and match outcome, older age was associated with significantly increased risk of injury. The most common conclusion to a MMA fight was a technical knockout (TKO) followed by a tap out. The injury rate in MMA competitions is compatible with other combat sports involving striking. The lower knockout rates in MMA compared to boxing may help prevent brain injury in MMA events. Verf.- Referat Schlagwörter: Boxen; empirische; Jiu-Jitsu; Kampfsport; Kopfverletzung; Profisport; Sportmedizin; Sporttraumatologie; Sportverletzung; Untersuchung; Verletzungsart Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Bledsoe, Gregory H; Hsu, Edbert B; Grabowski, Jurek George; Brill, Justin D; Li, Guohua Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU

Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode                        – 17 –                               Drucksache 18/12772 Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Zeitschriftenaufsatz Bodden 2015 – The effect of an intervention Bodden, Jamie G. (2015): The effect of an intervention program on functional movement screen test scores in mixed martial arts athletes. In: Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA 29 (1), S. 219-225. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: This study assessed the basic fundamental movements of mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes using the functional movement screen (FMS) assessment and determined if an intervention program was successful at improving results. Participants were placed into 1 of the 2 groups: intervention and control groups. The intervention group was required to complete a corrective exercise program 4 times per week, and all participants were asked to continue their usual MMA training routine. A mid- intervention FMS test was included to examine if successful results were noticed sooner than the 8-week period. Results highlighted differences in FMS test scores between the control group and intervention group (p = 0.006). Post hoc testing revealed a significant increase in the FMS score of the intervention group between weeks 0 and 8 (p = 0.00) and weeks 0 and 4 (p = 0.00) and no significant increase between weeks 4 and 8 (p = 1.00). A χ2 analysis revealed that the intervention group participants were more likely to have an FMS score >14 than participants in the control group at week 4 (χ2 = 7.29, p < 0.01) and week 8 (χ2 = 5.2, p ≤ 0.05). Finally, a greater number of participants in the intervention group were free from asymmetry at week 4 and week 8 compared with the initial test period. The results of the study suggested that a 4-week intervention program was sufficient at improving FMS scores. Most if not all, the movements covered on the FMS relate to many aspects of MMA training. The knowledge that the FMS can identify movement dysfunctions and, furthermore, the fact that the issues can be improved through a standardized intervention program could be advantageous to MMA coaches, thus, providing the opportunity to adapt and implement new additions to training programs. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Bewegungsanalyse; Funktionsdiagnostik; Kampfsport; Leistungsphysiologie; Sportmedizin; Trainingswirkung; Trainingswissenschaft Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Bodden, Jamie G; Needham, Robert A; Chockalingam, Nachiappan Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU

Drucksache 18/12772                                         – 18 –                 Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Buch (Monographie) Bredereck 2015 – Mixed Martial Arts als Strategie Bredereck, Bettina (2015): Mixed Martial Arts als Strategie zur (Re)Souveränisierung von Männlichkeit? Von Kämpfern und Kämpferinnen - Kampfkunst und Kampfsport aus der Genderperspektive : Kampfkunst und Kampfsport in Forschung und Lehre 2014 ; 4. Internationales Symposium und Jahrestagung der dvs-Kommission "Kampfkunst und Kampfsport" vom 9.-11. Oktober 2014 in Ludwigsburg. Hamburg. Abstract: Auf Grundlage der Durchsicht mehrerer Studien, die sich mit Mixed Martial Arts befasst haben und sich den Kämpfern dieses Sportes zugewendet haben, soll betrachtet werden, welches Bild die Kämpfer von sich selbst haben, welche Fähigkeiten sie im Training und im Zusammenhang mit ihrem Sport erlernen müssen und inwiefern die Strukturen des MMA wirklich einen entgrenzten Kampf ermöglichen. Schlagwörter: Differenzierung; Fähigkeit; geschlechtsspezifische; Gesellschaft; Kampf; Kampfsport; Mann; Männlichkeit; Meinung; moderne; motorische; öffentliche; Rollenbild; Rollenerwartung; Selbstwahrnehmung; spezielles; Sportler; Sportsoziologie; Stereotyp; Training; Zweikampfsportart Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource ISBN: 9783880206274 Sprache: deu Anzahl Seiten: S. 133-142 Freitext 4: Bredereck, Bettina Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Costa 2011 – Warm-up, stretching Costa, Pablo B. (2011): Warm-up, stretching, and cool-down strategies for combat sports. In: Strength and conditioning journal 33 (6), S. 71-79. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-scj/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: Combatants have been fighting for thousands of years. Structured combat sports between 2 men have existed for hundreds of years as a sport similar to what we currently know as mixed martial arts (mma). Several changes have occurred in mma in the last 2 decades, allowing the sport to become more professional, with rules, media exposure, agents, and millions of spectators worldwide. Thus, it is important today for athletes and strength and conditioning coaches to become familiar with the most

Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode                        – 19 –                              Drucksache 18/12772 Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. appropriate forms of training for these modalities, including not only fighting technique but also other related components of optimal physical conditioning, such as warm-up, flexibility training, and cool-down. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Abwärmen; Aufwärmen; Kampfsport; Muskeldehnung; Stretching; Trainingswissenschaft Notiz: Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Costa, Pablo B; Medeiros, Hugo B.O; Fukuda, David H Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Coswig 2016 – Time-motion and biological responses Coswig, Victor S. (2016): Time-motion and biological responses in simulated mixed martial arts sparring matches. In: Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA 30 (8), S. 2156-2163. Online verfügbar unter http://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/pages/default.aspx. Abstract: Simulated matches are a relevant component of training for mixed martial arts (MMA) athletes. This study aimed to characterize time-motion responses and investigate physiological stress and neuromuscular changes related to MMA sparring matches. Thirteen athletes with an average age of 25 ± 5 years, body mass of 81.3 ± 9.5 kg, height of 176.2 ± 5.5 cm, and time of practice in MMA of 39 ± 25 months participated in the study. The fighters executed three 5-minute rounds with 1-minute intervals. Blood and salivary samples were collected and physical tests and psychometric questionnaires administered at 3 time points: before (PRE), immediately after (POST), and 48 hours after the combat (48 h). Statistical analysis applied analysis of variance for repeated measurements. In biochemical analysis, significant changes (p ≤ 0.05) were identified between PRE and POST (glucose: 80.3 ± 12.7 to 156.5 ± 19.1 mg•ml−1; lactate: 4 ± 1.7 to 15.6 ± 4.8 mmol•dl−1), POST and 48 hours (glucose: 156.5 ± 19.1 to 87.6 ± 15.5 mg•ml−1; lactate: 15.6 ± 4.8 to 2.9 ± 3.5 mmol•dl−1; urea: 44.1 ± 8.9 to 36.3 ± 7.8 mg•ml−1), and PRE and 48 hours (creatine kinase [CK]: 255.8 ± 137.4 to 395.9 ± 188.7 U/L). In addition, time-motion analyses showed a total high:low intensity of 1:2 and an effort:pause ratio of 1:3. In conclusion, simulated MMA sparring matches feature moderate to high intensity and a low degree of musculoskeletal damage, which can be seen by absence of physical performance and decrease in CK. Results of the study indicate that sparring training could be introduced into competitive microcycles to improve technical and tactical aspects of MMA matches, due to the high motor specificity and low muscle damage. Schlagwörter: Bewegungsanalyse; Kampfsport; Leistungsphysiologie; Simulation; Sparring; Sportmedizin; Trainingswissenschaft Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: eng Freitext 4: Coswig, Victor S; Ramos, Solange de P; Del Vecchio, Fabrício B Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU

Drucksache 18/12772                                               – 20 –              Deutscher Bundestag – 18. Wahlperiode Vorabfassung - wird durch die lektorierte Version ersetzt. Zeitschriftenaufsatz Coufalová 2012 – Předsoutěžení snižování tělesné hmotnosti v Coufalová, Klára (2012): Předsoutěžení snižování tělesné hmotnosti v bojových sportech. In: Ceská kinantropologie 16 (3), S. 63-70. Online verfügbar unter http://www.ceskakinantropologie.cz/index.php/TestJournal/article/view/165/25. Abstract: The aim of this study was to observe the ways of weight loss in combat sports with weight categories. The study included 18 men and 13 women from judo, wrestling Greco-Roman and freestyle, MMA (Mixed Martial Arts), kickboxing, karate and thaibox. We investigated by questionnaires the length, rate and methods of weight reduction. The results show that 87% of the racers regularly reduce the weight before competition and this reduction moves in average about 5.4% of body weight (average 3.6 kg). The most common form of rapid weight reduction is a combination of dehydration and restriction of food intake with increased physical activity, often in special rubber suits or in more layers of clothing. It is important to highlight that rapid weight loss is related to risk of poor health. Verf.-Referat Schlagwörter: Boxen; Dehydratation; Freistilringen; Gesundheitsgefährdung; Gewicht; Gewichtsklasse; Gewichtskontrolle; Gewichtszunahme; griechisch-römischer; Hochleistungssport; Kampfsport; Kickboxen; Körpergewicht; Leistung; Leistungssport; Normalgewicht; Reduktionsdiät; Ringen; Ringkampf; sportliche; Thai-Boxen; Trainingsgestaltung; Trainingsintensität; Trainingslehre; Trainingswissenschaft; Übergewicht; Untergewicht; Wettkampfleistung; Zusatzgewicht Notiz: Elektronische Ressource (online) Gedruckte Ressource Sprache: ces Freitext 4: Coufalová, Klára; Heller, Jan; Brychta, Petr Quelle der Titelangaben: RIS (Bundesinstitut für Sportwissenschaft) NEU Zeitschriftenaufsatz Damdincurunov 2016 – К а                  а                 а а                         а Damdincurunov, V. A. (2016): К (ММǵ). In: Teorija i praktika fiziceskoj kul'tury (3), S. 49-51. Abstract: Objective of the present research was to create a unified science-based classfication of all offensive actions in mixed martial arts (MMA) applied to win a fight. In the classification of mixed martial arts hold is an element of its technique. It is a complete motor action of an attacking fighter, that is permitted by the competition rules and applied to win, fully classified from class level up to the level of sub-groups. Hold includes certain simple (elementary) movements with hands, feet and body, connected with each other in time and space. This classification allows to formulate strictly scientific basic concepts and definitions and make them unambiguous and comprehensible to all experts. Development of special conceptual framework of mixed martial arts is a final purpose of classification and conditions necessary for the successful development of mixed martial arts - young sport which has been official recognized in Russia in 2012.